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Caesalpinia bonduc (L.)Roxb.

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HIGHER TAXON: Caesalpinieae

GENUS: Caesalpinia L.

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.)Roxb. [Preferred name]
    Bonduc minus Medik. {Synonym}
    Caesalpinia bonducella (L.)Fleming {Synonym}
    Caesalpinia crista L., p.p.A {Synonym}
    Caesalpinia crista Thunb. {Synonym}
    Caesalpinia crista sensu auct. {Misapplied}
    Caesalpinia cristata Prowazek {Synonym}
    Caesalpinia grisebachiana Kuntze {Synonym}
    Caesalpinia sepiaria sensu auct. {Misapplied}
    Caesalpinia sogerensis Baker f. {Synonym}
    Guilandina bonduc Griseb. {Synonym}
    Guilandina bonduc L. {Synonym}
    Guilandina bonducella L. {Synonym}
    Guilandina crista (L.)Small {Synonym}
    Guilandina gemina Lour. {Synonym}
    Guillandina bonduc L. {Synonym}
    Guillandina bonducella (L.)Fleming {Synonym}

  
VERNACULAR NAME:
  Anoso [2265]; Bonduc [1915, 1935]; Brier [2153]; Cadoc [1915]; Cadoque [1941]; Canique [2157]; Cassie [3057]; Cockspur [453]; Fever Nut [1862, 3026]; Gataran [3026]; Graines Quinique [2157]; Gray Nickarnut [3130]; Gray Nickel [453]; Gray Nicker [2153]; Gray Nickerbean [1902]; Grey Nicker [261]; Guilandina Seed [14]; Indian Nut [1862]; Kalu Vavuletiya [4751]; Karanju [3026]; Kat-Karanj [3026]; Kumburu Wel [4751]; Mate [2157]; Mate De Costa [2157]; Mysore Thorn [3057]; Nickar Bean [1862]; Nickernut [3131]; Ojo De Venado [1470]; Papali [2968]; Papati [2968]; Physic Nut [1862]; Punaikklaichchi [4751]; Quinique [2157]; Quinique Jaune [2157]; Sappan Liane [3057]; Sea Pearl [3129]; Sea Pod [3129]; Soni [2264]; Tataramoa [2968]; Vatolalaka [3402]; Wael Kumburu [4751]; Yellow Nicker [1902]

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
  Africa
Angola (N) [110]; Benin (N) [11]; Cameroon (N) [11]; Egypt (I) [8]; Ethiopia (I) [24]; Ghana (N) [11]; Guinea Bissau (N) [11]; Ivory Coast (N) [11]; Kenya (N) [106]; Liberia (N) [11]; Mozambique (N) [8]; Nigeria (N) [11]; Senegal (N) [11]; Sierra Leone (N) [11]; Somalia (N) [125]; South Africa (N) [107]; Tanzania (N) [106]; Togo (N) [11]; Zaire (N) [113]
  Asia
Bangladesh (N) [3366]; Burma (N) [4018]; Cambodia (N) [1935, 4018]; China (N) [1935, 3405, 4018]; Guangdong [3403]; Guangxi [3403]; Hong Kong (N) [1935]; India (N) [1914, 1935, 2002, 3009, 3028, 3032, 3040, 3056, 3092, 3094, 3096, 3100, 3140, 3366, 3370, 3373, 3375, 3377, 3381, 3388, 3584, 3609, 3610, 3611, 4018]; Andhra Pradesh [3009]; Arunachal Pradesh [3040]; Assam [3370]; Bihar [3609]; Daman [3094]; Diu [3094]; Goa [3366]; Gujarat [3610]; Haryana [3373]; Himachal Pradesh [3140]; Jammu-Kashmir [3584]; Karnataka [3096]; Kerala [3366]; Madhaya Pradesh [3375]; Maharashtra [3100]; Manipur [3366]; Meghalaya [3366]; Mizoram [3366]; Nagaland [3366]; Orissa [3611]; Pondicherry [3366]; Punjab [3377]; Rajasthan [3028]; Sikkim [2002]; Tamil Nadu [3032]; Tripura [3092]; Uttar Pradesh [3381]; West Bengal [3388]; Yanan [3366]; Indonesia (N) [1935, 3004, 3898, 3967]; Iran (I) [1862, 1867]; Iraq (I) [1862]; Irian Jaya (N) [261]; Jawa (N) [3898]; Laos (N) [1935, 4018]; Lesser Sunda Is (N) [3004]; Malaysia (N) [1935, 3004, 4018]; Myanmar (N) [1935]; Nepal (N) [1935, 2898, 3369, 4018]; Pakistan (I) [2021]; Peninsular Malaysia (N) [4018]; Philippines (N) [3963]; Ryukyu Is (N) [2825]; Sabah (N) [3004]; Sarawak (N) [3004]; Singapore (N) [3938]; Sri Lanka (N) [1935, 2023]; Sumatera (N) [3967]; Taiwan (N) [1931, 1935, 2827, 3405]; Thailand (N) [1935, 2002, 4018]; Vietnam (N) [1935, 4018]
  Australasia
Australia (N) [1880]; New South Wales [1880]; Northern Territory [1880]; Queensland [1880]; Papua New Guinea (N) [261]
  Caribbean
Bahamas (N) [2153]; Cayman Is (N) [453, 1056]; Dominican Republic (N) [2157]; Haiti (N) [2157]; Jamaica (N) [1056]
  Central America
Belize (N) [1242, 1645]; Cocos I (U) [3060]; Costa Rica (N) [1367]; Guatemala (N) [1614, 1645]; Mexico(North & Central) (N) [1470]; Mexico(South East) (N) [1470]
  Indian Ocean
Aldabra (N) [1941, 3055, 3075]; Amirantes Group [1941]; Assumption I [1941]; Astove I [1941]; Coetivy I [3075]; Cosmoledo I [1941]; Andaman Is (N) [3366]; Chagos Archipelago (U) [3072]; Christmas I (N) [3920]; Cocos(Keeling) Is (U) [3060]; Laccadive Is (N) [3072, 3076]; Madagascar (N) [3402]; Maldives (N) [3062, 3076]; Mauritius (N) [1914, 1915, 3067]; Agalega I [3067]; Mayotte (U) [3054, 4747]; Nicobar Is (U) [3612]; Reunion (N) [1914, 1915]; Rodrigues (N) [3057]; Seychelles (N) [1941]
  Middle East
Oman (I) [1877]
  North America
United States (N) [1409, 1430, 1614, 1645, 3157]; Florida [3157]
  Pacific Ocean
Bismarck Archipelago (N) [261]; Bougainville (N) [261]; Fiji (N) [1940, 2264]; Gilbert Is (N) [2235]; Hawaii (N) [1642, 1643]; Kazan Retto (N) [2833]; Marshall Is (N) [2235]; Niue (N) [2266]; Northern Marianas (N) [2235]; Ogasawara-Shoto (N) [2835]; Pitcairn Is (U) [2912]; Samoa-JML (N) [2265]; Society Is (N) [2968]; Solomon Is (N) [261]
  South America
Brazil (U) [1414]; Chile (U) [1444]; French Guiana (U) [1408]; Galapagos (U) [1712]; Guyana (N) [2285]; Peru (U) [1442]; Surinam (N) [2285]

  
HABITATS:
  Africa
    Guineo-Congolian mangrove (and strand forest). [11];
    Tongaland-Pondoland regional transition zone;mangrove and coastal vegetation. [106];
    Zanzibar-Inhambane regional transition zone; mangrove. [106];

LITERATURE POINTERS:
  Description [106, 113, 261, 453, 1056, 1915, 1917, 1931, 1935, 1941, 2002, 2021, 2023, 2153, 2157, 2218, 2264, 2825, 3001, 3055, 3057, 3386, 3402, 3403, 3405, 3898, 3920, 4018] ; Distribution Map [2218] ; Illustration [112, 261, 453, 1915, 1917, 1931, 1935, 2002, 2021, 2823, 3129, 3386, 3403, 3405, 4018]

DESCRIPTORS:
  Climbing: Climbing [261] [3057], Not climbing [261] [3157] ; Conservation Status: Not Threatened ; Further editing: 2004-2005 Novoselova MS, 2005-04 Seneviratne GI (Sinhala & Tamil Names), 2005-07 (Americas update) Sokolova IV [3157] ; Habit: Herb [3157], Shrub [261] [1941], Tree [261] ; Lifespan: Perennial [261] [3157] ; Scrutinised globally by taxonomic co-ordinator: 1994/1995 Lewis GP ; Source(s): 1988 (Africa) Lock JM, 1988 (Americas) Zarucchi JL, 1990 (New Zealand & Pacific) Horn P, 1991 (W Asia) Lock JM & Simpson K, 1993 (Indian Ocean) Lock JM & Ireland H, 1993 Polhill RM, 1993 Zarucchi JL, 1994 (Indo-China) Lock JM & He

  
USES:
  Domestic [2872, 3920]; Environmental [1862, 1877, 1935, 3057, 3898]; Medicine [14, 1915, 2002, 2021, 2218, 2872, 3034, 3053, 3402]; Miscellaneous [3034]

  
NOTES:
  Thousand of seeds washed up on Florida beaches after Hurricane Floyd (1999). [3130]
  Drift seed regularly reported from beaches in Florida, USA. [3130]
  Seeds can float & are quite resilient thus species widespread & often littoral [261]
  Seeds contain bonducin - possible quinnine substitute. [3920]
  Indigenous to the Mascarenes. [1915]
  Seeds largely sea-dispersed. [1915]

  
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