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Senna sophera (L.)Roxb.

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HIGHER TAXON: Cassieae

GENUS: Senna Mill.

Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. [Preferred name]
    Cassia atroviridis Span. {Synonym}
    Cassia autropurpurea Benth. {Synonym}
    Cassia canca Cav. {Synonym}
    Cassia esculenta Roxb. {Synonym}
    Cassia frutescens Mill. {Synonym}
    Cassia geminiflora Schrank {Synonym}
    Cassia linearis Michx. {Synonym}
    Cassia lineata Michx. {Synonym}
    Cassia occidentalis var. glabra DC. {Synonym}
    Cassia occidentalis var. sophera (L.)Kuntze {Synonym}
    Cassia patula Aiton {Synonym}
    Cassia proboscidea Pollard {Synonym}
    Cassia sophera L. {Synonym}
    Cassia sophera var. ligustrinoides Benth. {Synonym}
    Cassia sopheroides Roxb. {Synonym}
    Cassia torosa Cav. {Synonym}
    Chamaefistula sophera G.Don {Synonym}
    Ditremexa sophera (L.)Britton & Wilson {Synonym}

  
VERNACULAR NAME:
  Banar [3391]; Bas-ki-kasunda [3031]; Brusca [151]; Chakwar [3391]; Kasaunda [3030]; Kasondi Senna [2153]; Kasundari [3391]; Pepper-leaved Senna [3391]; Ponaverai [4751]; Sene Zombi [151]; Takarai [4751]; Uru-tora [4751]

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
  Africa
Benin (I) [8]; Equatorial Guinea (I) [11]; Ethiopia (I) [24]; Ghana (I) [11]; Ivory Coast (I) [11]; Kenya (I) [106]; Liberia (I) [11]; Nigeria (I) [11]; Sierra Leone (I) [11]; Socotra (I) [8]; Somalia (I) [106]; South Africa (I) [107]; Tanzania (I) [106]; Zaire (I) [113]
  Asia
Bhutan (I) [3391]; Cambodia (U) [1935]; China (N) [1939, 3407]; India (I) [1914, 1947, 3017, 3020, 3024, 3027, 3028, 3092, 3094, 3113, 3118, 3140, 3366, 3371, 3372, 3375, 3377, 3384, 3391, 3392]; Andhra Pradesh [3384]; Arunachal Pradesh [3366]; Assam [3391]; Bihar [3371]; Delhi [3372]; Goa [3094]; Gujarat [3017]; Haryana [3391]; Himachal Pradesh [3140]; Jammu-Kashmir [3391]; Karnataka [3020]; Kerala [3113]; Madhaya Pradesh [3375]; Maharashtra [3024]; Manipur [3391]; Meghalaya [3391]; Mizoram [3391]; Nagaland [3391]; Orissa [3391]; Pondicherry [3366]; Punjab [3377]; Rajasthan [3028]; Sikkim [1947]; Tamil Nadu [3027]; Tripura [3092]; Uttar Pradesh [3392]; West Bengal [3118]; Yanan [3366]; Indonesia (I) [261, 1936, 3898, 3967]; Iraq (I) [1939]; Irian Jaya (I) [261]; Jawa (N) [3898]; Laos (U) [1935]; Malaysia (I) [1936]; Myanmar (I) [3366]; Nepal (I) [3369, 3646]; Pakistan (I) [2021]; Philippines (I) [1936, 3911]; Ryukyu Is (U) [2825]; Sri Lanka (I) [2023]; Sumatera (N) [3967]; Thailand (U) [2002]; Vietnam (U) [1935]
  Caribbean
Bahamas (U) [2153]; Caribbean-TRP (U) [151, 1430]; Dominican Republic (I) [2157]; Haiti (I) [2157]
  Central America
Mexico(North & Central) (U) [151]; Mexico(South East) (U) [151]; Panama (U) [151, 1224]
  Indian Ocean
Andaman Is (I) [3391]; Comoro Is (I) [3054, 4747]; Anjouan I [4747]; Madagascar (I) [3402]; Maldives (I) [3076]; Mauritius (I) [1915]; Reunion (I) [1915]; Seychelles (I) [1941]
  Middle East
Oman (I) [1939]
  Pacific Ocean
Hawaii (I) [2265]; Marshall Is (I) [2235]; New Zealand(North) (I) [2265]; New Zealand(South) (I) [2265]; Northern Marianas (I) [2235]; Tonga (I) [2265]
  South America
Brazil (U) [151, 1414]; Colombia (U) [151]; Guyana (U) [151]; Venezuela (U) [151]

  
HABITATS:
  Africa
    Cultivated [106];
    Guinea-Congolia/Sudania regional transition zone; anthropic landscapes. [11];
    Zanzibar-Inhambane regional transition zone; anthropic habitats. [106];

LITERATURE POINTERS:
  Description [106, 151, 261, 1862, 1915, 1935, 1936, 1941, 1947, 1980, 2002, 2021, 2023, 2153, 2157, 2825, 3057, 3391, 3402, 3407, 3911] ; Illustration [149, 1862, 1935, 2002, 3391]

DESCRIPTORS:
  Climbing: Not climbing [261] [3402] ; Conservation Status: Not Threatened ; Further editing: 2004-2005 Novoselova MS, 2005-04 Seneviratne GI (Sinhala & Tamil Names) ; Habit: Shrub [261] [1915] [3402] ; Lifespan: Perennial [261] [3402] ; Scrutinised globally by taxonomic co-ordinator: 1993 Zarucchi JL ; Source(s): 1988 (Africa) Lock JM, 1988 (Americas) Zarucchi JL, 1990 (New Zealand & Pacific) Horn P, 1993 (Indian Ocean) Lock JM & Ireland H, 1993 Polhill RM, 1993 Zarucchi JL, 1996 (Japan) Ohashi H, 2003-11 (Madagascar) Novoselova MS extract

  
USES:
  Environmental [2265, 3076]; Food and Drink [3034]; Medicine [2002, 2021, 3019, 3030, 3032, 3034, 3391, 3911]; Weed [2002, 2023, 3963]

  
NOTES:
  Doubt over country of origin. [261]
  Introduced into Malaysia. [3911]
  Contradictory reports on its poisonous properties. [3911]
  Probably of Tropical American origin. [1915]

  
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11.

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4751.

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