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Trifolium pratense L.

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HIGHER TAXON: Trifolieae

GENUS: Trifolium L.

Trifolium pratense L. [Preferred name]
    Trifolium borysthenicum Gruner {Synonym}
    Trifolium bracteatum Schousb. {Synonym}
    Trifolium lenkoranicum (Grossh.)Roskov {Synonym}
    Trifolium pratense var. lenkoranicum Grossh. {Synonym}
    Trifolium ukrainicum Opperman {Synonym}

  
VERNACULAR NAME:
  Chemen Yoncha [3540]; Chyrvonaya Dzyatzelina [4282]; Dzentzyalina [4282]; Ereknuk Margagetnain [3539]; Kanyushyna Lugavaya [4282]; Klever Dneprovski [614, 2985]; Klever Krasnyi [2985, 3550]; Klever Lugovoi [614, 2985]; Koniczyna Lakowa [4061]; Konyushina Luchna [2985, 4694]; Krasnaya Kuryga [4282]; Metsik Punane Ristik [3547]; Nugun Khoshoongor [2985, 4672]; Plavu Abolins [3548]; Puna-apila [4061]; Raudonasis Dobilas [2985, 3567]; Red Clover [1292, 1645, 1847, 1850, 1862, 1902, 1917, 1945, 2080, 2153, 2183]; Rodklover [4061]; Rot-Klee [4546]; Sebarga [2985, 3549]; Shyk Dushpes-Medezi [2985, 3572]; Trebol Comun [4061]; Trebol De Los Prados [1140]; Trebol Morado [1140]; Trebol Rojo [1292]; Trefle Des Pres [4083]; Trevo Violeto [4061]; Trifoglio Rosso [4061]; Trifoi De-lunke [2985, 4177]; Trifoi Roshu [2985, 4177]; Trifoi Rosu [4061]; Tziteli Samkura [2985, 4296]; Ui-Bede [2985, 4415]; Ulaan Khoshoongor [4672]; Valashok [4282]

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
  Africa
Algeria (N) [454]; Ethiopia (I) [24]; Kenya (I) [1862]; Morocco (N) [454]; South Africa (I) [279]; Tunisia (N) [454]
  Asia
Afghanistan (N) [1872]; Armenia (N) [2185, 2985]; Azerbaijan (N) [2985]; Azerbaijan* [2185, 4529, 4540]; Nakhichevan [2185, 2985]; Bhutan (N) [1947]; China (I) [1179, 3443]; Gruzia (N) [2985]; Abkhazia [2185, 2985]; Adzharia [2185, 2985]; Gruzia* [2185]; India (N) [2015, 3027, 3140, 3143, 3366, 3375, 3585, 3588]; Arunachal Pradesh [3366]; Himachal Pradesh [3140]; Jammu-Kashmir [3588]; Madhaya Pradesh [3375]; Punjab [3143]; Sikkim [3366]; Tamil Nadu [3027]; Uttar Pradesh [3585]; West Bengal [3366]; Indonesia (I) [1969, 3898]; Iran (N) [1861]; Iraq (N) [1862]; Japan (I) [1930]; Jawa (N) [3898]; Kazakhstan (N) [2985]; Aktyubinsk [2985, 3550, 4540]; Alma-Ata [2985, 3550]; Chimkent [2985, 3550]; Dzhambul [2985, 3550]; Guryev [2985, 3550]; Kokchetav [2985, 3538]; Kustanai [2985, 3550, 4540]; Pavlodar [2985, 3550]; Semipalatinsk [2985, 3550]; Severo-Kazakhstanskaya [2985, 3538]; Taldy-Kurgan [2985, 3550, 4540]; Tselinograd [2985, 3538]; Uralsk [2985, 3550, 4540]; Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya [2985, 3550]; Kirgizstan (N) [2985]; Frunze [2985, 4415, 4540, 4621]; Issyk-Kul [2985, 4415, 4621]; Osh [2985, 4415, 4621]; Mongolia (N) [2985]; Bulgan [2985, 4672]; Selenge [2985, 4672]; Nepal (I) [2898, 3369]; Pakistan (N) [1862, 1938]; Philippines (I) [1862]; Russia in Asia (N) [2985]; Altay* [2985, 4326]; Amur [2602, 2985, 4449, 4540]; Buryatiya [2985, 4451]; Checheno-Ingushetia [2185, 2985]; Chelyabinsk [2985, 4326, 4540, 4549]; Chita* [4451, 4487]; Chukot [2602, 2985, 4598]; Dagestan [2185, 2985]; Gorno-Altaisk [2985, 4326]; Irkutsk* [4451, 4487]; Jewish [2985, 4449, 4540]; Kabardino-Balkaria [2185, 2985]; Kamchatka* [2985, 4449, 4540]; Karacheyevo-Cherkessia [2185, 2985]; Kemerovo [2985, 4326]; Khabarovsk* [2602, 2985, 4449, 4540]; Khakassia [2985, 4040, 4477]; Khanty-Mansijsk [2985, 3538]; Krasnodar [2185, 2985]; Krasnoyarsk* [2985, 4477]; Kurgan [2985, 4326, 4406, 4540]; Kuril Is [2602, 2985, 4449, 4540]; Magadan* [2602, 2985]; Novosibirsk [2985, 4326]; Omsk [2985, 4326, 4540]; Primorye [2602, 2985, 4449, 4540]; Sakhalin [2602, 2985, 4449, 4540]; Severo-Osetia [2185, 2985]; Stavropol [2185, 2985]; Sverdlovsk [2985, 4326]; Tajmyr [2985, 4598]; Tomsk [2985, 4326]; Tuva [2985, 3572]; Tyumen [2985, 4326, 4540]; Yakutiya [2985, 3538]; Yamalo-Nenets [2985, 4598]; Sri Lanka (I) [1587]; Tadzhikistan (N) [2985]; Dushanbe [2985, 3549]; Gorno-Badakshan [2985, 3549, 4409]; Kulyab [2985, 3549]; Kurgan-Tyube [2985, 3549]; Leninabad [2985, 3549]; Turkmenistan (N) [2985]; Ashkhabad [2587, 2985, 4575]; Chardzhou [2587, 2985, 4575]; Krasnovodsk [2587, 2985, 4575]; Mary [2587, 2985, 4575]; Uzbekistan (N) [2985]; Fergana [2985, 4345]; Kashkadarinskaya [2985, 4345]; Samarkand [2985, 4345]; Surhandarinskaya [2985, 4345]; Tashkent [2985, 4345]
  Australasia
Australia (I) [1880, 1918]; Tasmania (I) [2419]
  Caribbean
Bahamas (I) [2153]; Puerto Rico (U)
  Central America
Guatemala (I) [1645]
  Europe
Albania (N) [754]; Austria (N) [754]; Azores (N) [754]; Belarus (N) [2985]; Brest [2985, 4157]; Gomel [2985, 4157]; Grodno [2985, 4157]; Minsk [2985, 4157]; Mogilev [2985, 4157]; Vitebsk [2985, 4157]; Belgium (N) [754]; Bulgaria (N) [754]; Corsica (N) [754]; Czechoslovakia (N) [754]; Denmark (N) [754]; Estonia (N) [2985, 3547]; Finland (N) [754]; Foroyar (I) [754]; France (N) [754]; Germany (N) [754]; Great Britain (N) [754]; Greece (N) [754]; Hungary (N) [754]; Iceland (I) [754]; Ireland (N) [754]; Italy (N) [754]; Latvia (N) [2985, 3548]; Lithuania (N) [2985, 3567]; Malta (U) [454]; Moldova (N) [2985, 4177]; Netherlands (N) [754]; Norway (N) [754]; Poland (N) [754]; Portugal (N) [754]; Romania (N) [754]; Russia in Europe (N) [2985]; Arkhangelsk [2985, 4293]; Astrakhan [2985, 3537, 4457]; Bashkiria [2985, 3537, 4540]; Belgorod [2985, 3537]; Bryansk [2985, 3537]; Chuvashia [2985, 3537]; Gorki [2985, 4650]; Ivanovo [2985, 4085, 4650]; Kalinin [2985, 4650]; Kaliningrad [2985, 4220]; Kalmykia [2185, 2985]; Kaluga [2985, 3537]; Karelia [2985, 4510]; Kirov [2985, 4034, 4540, 4647]; Komi [2985, 4293]; Komi-Permyak [2985, 4429]; Kostroma [2985, 4650]; Kuibyshev [2985, 3537, 4540]; Kursk [2985, 3537]; Leningrad [2985, 4388]; Lipetsk [2985, 3537, 4035, 4540]; Mari [2985, 4650]; Mordovia [2985, 3537]; Moscow [2985, 4650]; Murmansk [2985, 4510, 4598]; Nenets [2985, 4293, 4598]; Novgorod [2985, 4388]; Orel [2985, 3537, 4540]; Orenburg [2985, 3537, 4540]; Penza [2985, 3537, 4540]; Perm [2985, 4429, 4540]; Pskov [2985, 4388]; Rostov-Don [2985, 3537, 4536, 4540]; Ryazan [2985, 3537]; Saratov [2985, 3537]; Smolensk [2985, 4650]; Tambov [2985, 3537, 4540]; Tataria [2985, 4540, 4650]; Tula [2985, 3537]; Udmurtia [2985, 4063, 4650]; Ulyanovsk [2985, 3537, 4540]; Vladimir [2985, 4540, 4650]; Volgograd [2985, 3537, 4079, 4558, 4560]; Vologda [2985, 4425]; Voronezh [2985, 3537, 4540]; Yaroslavl [2985, 4650]; Sardegna (N) [754]; Sicilia (N) [454]; Spain (N) [754]; Sweden (N) [754]; Switzerland (N) [754]; Turkey in Europe (N) [754]; Ukraine (N) [2985]; Cherkassy [2985, 4694]; Chernigov [2985, 4694]; Chernovtsy [2985, 4694]; Dnepropetrovsk [2985, 4528, 4694]; Donetsk [2985, 4528, 4694]; Ivano-Frankovsk [2985, 4535, 4694]; Kharkov [2985, 4528, 4694]; Kherson [2985, 4079, 4528, 4694]; Khmelnitski [2985, 4694]; Kiev [2985, 4528, 4694]; Kirovograd [2985, 4694]; Krym [2985, 3537, 4528]; Lvov [2985, 4694]; Nikolaev [2985, 4528, 4694]; Odessa [2985, 4678, 4694]; Poltava [2985, 4051, 4528, 4694]; Rovno [2985, 4694]; Sumy [2985, 4694]; Ternopol [2985, 4694]; Vinnitsa [2985, 4694]; Volynia [2985, 4694]; Voroshilovgrad [2985, 4528, 4694]; Zakarpatskaya [2985, 3537, 4694]; Zaporozhye [2985, 4528, 4694]; Zhitomir [2985, 4694]; Yugoslavia (N) [754]
  Middle East
Israel (N) [1862]; Lebanon-Syria (I) [454]; Turkey in Asia (N) [454]
  North America
Alaska-Aleutian Is (I) [1115, 1431]; Canada (I) [1115]; United States (I) [1119, 1324, 1325, 1331, 1431, 1645, 1673, 1680, 3157]; Alabama [3157]; Arizona [3157]; Arkansas [3157]; California [3157]; Colorado [3157]; Connecticut [3157]; Delaware [3157]; Florida [3157]; Georgia [3157]; Idaho [3157]; Illinois [3157]; Indiana [3157]; Iowa [3157]; Kansas [3157]; Kentucky [3157]; Louisiana [3157]; Maine [3157]; Maryland [3157]; Massachusetts [3157]; Michigan [3157]; Minnesota [3157]; Mississippi [3157]; Missouri [3157]; Montana [3157]; Nebraska [3157]; Nevada [3157]; New Hampshire [3157]; New Jersey [3157]; New Mexico [3157]; New York [3157]; North Carolina [3157]; North Dakota [3157]; Ohio [3157]; Oklahoma [3157]; Oregon [3157]; Pennsylvania [3157]; Rhode Island [3157]; South Carolina [3157]; South Dakota [3157]; Tennessee [3157]; Texas [3157]; Utah [3157]; Vermont [3157]; Virginia [3157]; Washington [3157]; West Virginia [3157]; Wisconsin [3157]; Wyoming [3157]
  Pacific Ocean
Antipodean Is (I) [2080]; Chatham Is (I) [2080]; Hawaii (U) [1949]; Kermadec Is (I) [2080]; New Zealand(North) (I) [2080]; New Zealand(South) (I) [2080]
  South America
Argentina (I) [1140]; Chile (I) [1444]; Colombia (I) [1292]; Peru (I) [2090]; Uruguay (I) [1140]

  
HABITATS:
  Africa
    Mediterranean grasslands. [360];
    Mediterranean woodland. [360];

LITERATURE POINTERS:
  Description [360, 566, 614, 754, 1645, 1847, 1850, 1861, 1862, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1938, 1947, 2080, 2153, 3443, 3538, 3898, 4532] ; Distribution Map [2185, 2602, 3538, 3540, 4451] ; Illustration [566, 1847, 1861, 1917, 1919, 1921, 3538, 3539, 3540, 3547, 3548, 3550, 3567, 4532, 4694]

DESCRIPTORS:
  Climbing: Not climbing [3538] [3898] ; Conservation Status: Not Threatened ; Further editing: 2004-2005 Novoselova MS, 2005-07 (Americas update) Sokolova IV [3157] ; Habit: Herb [3538] [3898] ; Lifespan: Perennial [3538] [3898] ; Scrutinised globally by taxonomic co-ordinator: 1991/1993 Heyn CC & Heller D, 2005-06 Roskov YR ; Source(s): 1988 (Africa) Lock JM, 1988 (Americas) Zarucchi JL, 1988 (Europe) ESFEDS, 1990 (New Zealand & Pacific) Horn P, 1991 (W Asia) Lock JM & Simpson K, 1993 Adams BR, 1993 Zarucchi JL, 1993-1996 (N Eurasia) Roskov Y, Sytin A, Yakovlev,

  
USES:
  Domestic [1862, 2207, 2985]; Environmental [1862, 2207]; Food and Drink [2207, 2985]; Forage [24, 754, 1292, 1847, 1862, 1919, 2207, 2985, 3898, 4694]; Medicine [1862, 2985, 3030, 3381]; Miscellaneous [1945, 3375]; Weed [1862]

  
NOTES:
  Widely cultivated as a forage plant. [2985]
  Native of Europe and northern Asia. [3898]
  Udmurtia: Izhevsk, Sarapul, Adam & Solodyr [4063]
  In "Flora Kavkaza" this taxon is treated as T. pratense var. lenkoranicum [2185]
  Local endemic to Talysh [3538]
  Widely cultivated as a forage plant [4540]

  
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